A Computer Numerical Control (CNC) controller is a purpose-built digital device that governs the operation of a piece of machinery. When you see industrial equipment being supervised as it does a series of complex actions while workers help feed it material and move the finished product to the next step in the chain, the machine is likely under the command of a CNC controller.

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How Do CNC Controllers Work?
A CNC machine is like any other piece of industrial equipment, save for the computer that all of the operational buttons are plugged into in lieu of the buttons and levers that allow for human control. The way that CNC controllers decide how to send the commands may be picked by an internal circuit board with one or two scripted actions or by software that can be rapidly reconfigured with design schematics created in a Computer Assisted Design (CAD) program or a similar application for the specific controller.

What Can a Machine Ran by a CNC Controller Do?

An industrial machine ran by a CNC controller is typically used for extensively repetitious work, to complete frequent tasks more easily, or to allow for intensively precise work down to minuscule fractions of an inch. You can do everything from quickly cut a sheet of metal into a jigsaw puzzle to manufacturing a replacement part for an old car that has been out of production for years, all determined by the type of machine and the intricacy of the controller's programming.

Who Uses CNC Machines?

The most frequent users of CNC machines are involved in heavy fabrication, construction, and automotive repair. These hard-working professionals need custom-designed pieces in sturdy materials at high volumes to meet the demands of their customers. The art community has also been seeing a surge in the number of creative souls using computer-guided machines as another tool in their kit.

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Machine Controller

A Machine is the declarative spec for a Node, as represented in Kubernetes core. If a new Machine object is created, a provider-specific controller will handle provisioning and installing a new host to register as a new Node matching the Machine spec. If the Machines spec is updated, a provider- specific controller is responsible for updating the Node in-place or replacing the host with a new one matching the updated spec. If a Machine object is deleted, the corresponding Node should have its external resources released by the provider-specific controller, and should be deleted as well.

Machines can be associated with a Cluster using a custom label cluster.k8s.io/cluster-name. When the label is set and non-empty, then it must reference the name of a cluster residing in the same namespace. The label must be set only once and updates are not permitted, an admission controller is going to enforce the change in a future version.

Machine

Machine has 4 fields:

Spec contains the desired machine state specified by the object. While much of the Spec is defined by users, unspecified parts may be filled in with defaults or by Controllers such as autoscalers.

Status contains only observed machine state and is only written by controllers. Status is not the source of truth for any information, but instead aggregates and publishes observed state.

TypeMeta contains metadata about the API itself - such as Group, Version, Kind.

ObjectMeta contains metadata about the specific object instance, for example, it's name, namespace, labels, and annotations, etc. ObjectMeta contains data common to most objects.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
type
 Machine 
struct
 {
    metav1.TypeMeta   
`json:",inline"`
    metav1.ObjectMeta 
`json:"metadata,omitempty"`

    Spec   MachineSpec   
`json:"spec,omitempty"`
    Status MachineStatus 
`json:"status,omitempty"`
}

MachineSpec

The ProviderSpec is recommended to be a serialized API object in a format owned by that provider. This will allow the configuration to be strongly typed, versioned, and have as much nested depth as appropriate. These provider-specific API definitions are meant to live outside of the Machine API, which will allow them to evolve independently of it. Attributes like instance type, which network to use, and the OS image all belong in the ProviderSpec.

Some providers and tooling depend on an annotation to be set on the Machine to determine if provisioning has completed. For example, the clusterctl command does this here:

         
     
     
        ready := m.Status.NodeRef != 
nil
 || 
len
(m.Annotations) > 
0
        
return
 ready, 
nil

 
type
 MachineSpec 
struct
 {
     
     
     
     
    metav1.ObjectMeta 
`json:"metadata,omitempty"`

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Taints []corev1.Taint 
`json:"taints,omitempty"`

     
     
    ProviderSpec ProviderSpec 
`json:"providerSpec"`

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Versions MachineVersionInfo 
`json:"versions,omitempty"`

     
     
     
     
     
     
    ConfigSource *corev1.NodeConfigSource 
`json:"configSource,omitempty"`

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    ProviderID *
string
 
`json:"providerID,omitempty"`
}

MachineStatus

Like ProviderSpec, ProviderStatus is recommended to be a serialized API object in a format owned by that provider.

Note that NodeRef may not be set. This can happen if the Machine and corresponding Node are not within the same cluster. Two reasons this might be the case are:

• During bootstrapping, the control plane Machine will initially not be in the same cluster which is being created.
• Some providers distinguish between manager and managed clusters. For these providers a Machine and it's corresponding Node may never be within the same cluster. TODO: There are open issues to address this.

 
type
 MachineStatus 
struct
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 {
     
     
    NodeRef *corev1.ObjectReference 
`json:"nodeRef,omitempty"`

     
     
    LastUpdated *metav1.Time 
`json:"lastUpdated,omitempty"`

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Versions *MachineVersionInfo 
`json:"versions,omitempty"`

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    ErrorReason *common.MachineStatusError 
`json:"errorReason,omitempty"`

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    ErrorMessage *
string
 
`json:"errorMessage,omitempty"`

     
     
     
     
     
    ProviderStatus *runtime.RawExtension 
`json:"providerStatus,omitempty"`

     
     
    Addresses []corev1.NodeAddress 
`json:"addresses,omitempty"`

     
     
     
     
     
     
    Conditions []corev1.NodeCondition 
`json:"conditions,omitempty"`

     
     
     
     
     
    LastOperation *LastOperation 
`json:"lastOperation,omitempty"`

     
     
     
    Phase *
string
 
`json:"phase,omitempty"`
}

 
type
 LastOperation 
struct
 {
     
    Description *
string
 
`json:"description,omitempty"`

     
    LastUpdated *metav1.Time 
`json:"lastUpdated,omitempty"`

     
     
    State *
string
 
`json:"state,omitempty"`

     
     
    Type *
string
 
`json:"type,omitempty"`
}

Machine Actuator Interface

All methods should be idempotent. Each time the Machine controller attempts to reconcile the state it will call one or more of the following actuator methods.

Create() will only be called when Exists() returns false.

Update() will only be called when Exists() returns true.

Delete() will only be called when the Machine is in the process of being deleted.

The definition of Exists() is determined by the provider.

TODO: Provide more guidance on Exists().

 
 
type
 Actuator 
interface
 {
     
    Create(context.Context, *clusterv1.Cluster, *clusterv1.Machine) error
     
    Delete(context.Context, *clusterv1.Cluster, *clusterv1.Machine) error
     
    Update(context.Context, *clusterv1.Cluster, *clusterv1.Machine) error
     
    Exists(context.Context, *clusterv1.Cluster, *clusterv1.Machine) (
bool
, error)
}

Machine Controller Semantics

1. Determine the Cluster associated with the Machine from its cluster.k8s.io/cluster-name label.
2. If the Machine hasn't been deleted and doesn't have a finalizer, add one.
3. If the Machine is being deleted, and there is no finalizer, we're done
   • Check if the Machine is allowed to be deleted. 1
   • Call the provider specific actuators Delete() method.
     • If the Delete() method returns true, remove the finalizer.
4. Check if the Machine exists by calling the provider specific Exists() method.
   • If it does, call the Update() method.
   • If the Update() fails and returns a retryable error:
     • Retry the Update() after N seconds.
5. If the machine does not exist, attempt to create machine by calling actuator Create() method.

Machines depend on Clusters

The Machine actuator methods expect both a Cluster and a Machine to be passed in. While there is not a strong link between Clusters and Machines, the machine controller will determine which cluster to pass by looking for a Cluster in the same namespace as the Machine

There are two consequences of this:

• The machine actuator assumes there will be exactly one Cluster in the same namespace as any Machines it reconciles. See getCluster() for the details.
• If the Cluster is deleted before the Machine it will not be possible to delete the Machine. Therefore Machines must be deleted before Clusters.

machine reconciliation logic

machine deletion block

machine object creation sequence

machine object deletion sequence

1 One reason a Machine may not be deleted is if it corresponds to the node running the Machine controller.

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