While topical medication can be traced back as far as ancient China, transdermal patches are relatively new to the market. The first FDA-approved patch appeared in 1979 to treat motion sickness, and patches expanded further with the approval of the Nicotine patch in the 1990s. Today, patches are commonly used to treat Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's and administer birth control.
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Depending on the dosage and type of medication, patches on the market today can be worn anywhere between seven hours and eight days. With minimal inconvenience to patients, and the reassurance of more consistent dosages for prescribers, transdermal patches are quickly becoming the preferred drug delivery system.
How to Make a Transdermal Patch
Each transdermal medication patch will differ depending on the drug being administered, but all patches are composed of the same basic elements:
- Backing Layer: The most visible section, this protects the patch from the environment and contaminates while it's adhered to a patient's skin.
Drug Layer/Reservoir: The medication contained in the patch. Depending on the type of patch, this can either be a separate layer or part of the adhesive layer.
- Adhesive: The sticking layer which adheres the patch to the skin, and in some patches releases the drug. (Note that adhesives for transdermal patches must be skin-safe, medical grade, and heat-activated.)
- Liner: The covering for the adhesive prior to use. This is removed before applying the patch.
Some patches also include an enhancer to increase delivery rate, stabilizers (antioxidants), or preservatives.
Types of Transdermal Patches
There are five common types of transdermal patches:
- Single-Layer Drug-in-Adhesive: The entire patch is composed of a single layer of adhesive which includes the drug dosage. When applied, this layer both sticks to the skin and releases the drug simultaneously.
- Multi-Layer Drug-in-Adhesive: Similar to the single-layer, but contains more than one layer of drug-in-adhesive. Usually used for longer-term patches. Each layer will start diffusion through the next as the layers closest to the skin finish delivering the drug.
- Reservoir: The drugs in a reservoir patch are stored in their own liquid layer, separate from the adhesive. When applied to the skin, the drug slowly leaves the liquid layer through a rate-controlling membrane. The drugs then move through the adhesive to the skin. A top layer contains the other side of the liquid drug layer.
- Matrix: The drugs are kept in a semi-solid layer, referred to as a matrix. The adhesive layer in this type of patch usually surrounds this matrix, similar to a reservoir path.
- Vapor Patch: The adhesive layer of a vapor patch also serves as a vector for releasing vapor. Vapor patches can last up to six hours and are most commonly used as decongestants or sleep aids.
All five of these methods work through either a passive or active delivery system.
Passive systems are known for their consistency. They rely on natural membrane diffusion to transfer the drug from the patch, through the skin, and into the blood.
Active systems use an enhancer or additional aid to transfer the drug. Sometimes these are enhancers within a patch, but they can also include alternative transdermal medications.
Transdermal Patch vs. Other Transdermal Medications
The transdermal patch is the most popular delivery method amongst transdermal medications; however, there are other transdermal methods available — the most popular being microneedles and transdermal gel.
Microneedles are short, thin needles coated in a prescribed medication. When they pierce the skin, they increase permeability and inject the drug closer to the bloodstream so that it can be more easily absorbed.
Transdermal gels are rubbed into the skin in prescribed doses. These are usually over-the-counter medications such as topical ointments or pain relief.
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What Are Wrinkle Patches?
A wrinkle patch is a piece of adhesive paper worn overnight to keep your muscles in place, with the aim of lessening or preventing wrinkles, says Kathleen Suozzi, MD, a dermatologic surgeon and the director of aesthetic dermatology at Yale Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut.
People typically apply these wrinkle patches to various parts of the upper body, including around the eyes, forehead, mouth, neck, and chest. Some contain popular skin-care ingredients like retinol, resembling popular sheet masks on the market, Dr. Suozzi says. Retinol can improve skin by promoting an even texture, pigmentation, and tone, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). “Many other instant formulations have a silicone base that confers an instant wrinkle-smoothing property,” she adds.
Most wrinkle patches are reusable and relatively affordable, as skin-care products go, with popular brands like Frownies and Wrinkles Schminkles. You can also splurge on luxury patches like Natura Bissé, which are infused with what the brand calls “powerful anti-aging ingredients,” including octamioxyl, conotoxin, copper, and collagen peptides.
What Dermatologists Say About Wrinkle Patches
Despite the popularity of wrinkle patches and the fact that they may leave skin feeling instantly smoother, there’s little evidence they provide lasting effects, Suozzi says.
Dr. Sobel agrees. “They’re more gimmicky than effective,” he says. “Wrinkle patches appear to work by constricting the ability to make deep facial expressions, which exacerbates the appearance of wrinkles. Rest assured, the wrinkle-reducing results are temporary and will only last a few hours at most.”
Nevertheless, wrinkle patches that are saturated in numerous ingredients focusing on hydration and reducing premature signs of aging may offer more lasting benefits. “These fall more into the category of regional sheet masks, using the patch as a means of delivering products onto the skin like a sheet mask would,” Suozzi says.
Should You Try Wrinkle Patches?
In general, wrinkle patches are safe. One group that may want to avoid them: those with sensitive skin or an allergy to adhesives. Wrinkle patches may cause redness and irritation, Sobel says. Those patches with the active ingredient retinol can also make your skin more sensitive to the sun, and the AAD advises women who are pregnant or nursing to avoid this ingredient.
As for whether they’re worth your money, it depends on your goal. If you want to temporarily reduce physical signs of skin aging, these products may help. “Wrinkle patches are great for an important event when you want to look your best,” Sobel suggests. Just don’t expect sustained effects.
For that, Suozzi says, talk to your dermatologist about preventative Botox, laser treatments, or soft tissue fillers.
The more expensive wrinkle patches with skin-healthy ingredients can complement injectable treatments such as Botox, Suozzi says. That said, you can garner similar skin-smoothing effects from cheaper products with ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, retinol, vitamin C, and alpha hydroxy acids, she adds.
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