A brief history of men's underwear

Underwear is the most intimate of garments, pressed close to the body, whether it is exposed publicly or kept privately hidden beneath an outer layer. A person wearing underwear is "simultaneously dressed and undressed" (Valerie Steele, &#;Clothing and Sexuality&#;). Historically, those garments we now popularly understand as underwear were predominantly publicly unseen, in keeping with the prevailing attitude of 'out of sight, out of mind'. Today, while still primarily private, men's underwear has become increasingly visible and public, particularly through advertising and in popular visual culture.

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Men's underwear has performed multiple purposes: for protection, modesty and adornment; as an indicator of social status; and for support and for sexual or erotic purposes. Underwear protects the body from the environment and abrasion from outer clothes, as well as those garments from the body. It preserves modesty, by keeping the body covered in socially and morally acceptable forms. The visible parts of undergarments offer opportunities for decoration and adornment. The number of garments owned and visibly displayed beneath outerwear can give an indication of the wearer's social status. Men's underwear has supported the genitals as well as shaping the waist, torso and legs. It reflects and enhances sexuality and sensuousness, particularly when considered in the context of the role that concealment plays in the eroticism of clothing, calling attention to the body beneath the clothes.

'Keep Your Shirt On!': From under to outer &#; shirts and T-shirts

Until the early 20th century, shirts were regarded as undergarments, serving the purposes of protection and modesty, and as indicators of wealth or social status. From the mid-16th century, clean white linen had increasingly been seen as the marker of the courtier and changing the shirt daily became normal for men in court circles. At the beginning of the 19th century, ruffle-fronted shirts had become the general fashion for both day and evening, and indicated that a man was not a manual worker. During the s these frill-fronted shirts began to lose their popularity for daywear and were replaced by a front panel with vertical pleats or tucks. By the s the daywear shirt front had become increasingly plain and, with the combination of a high-cut waistcoat and cravat, was practically hidden. The high buttoning of waistcoats and coats continued throughout the 19th century for formal day wear, leaving just the collar and cuffs showing. By the early 20th century, with a change to a less formal outerwear, the shirt had lost its status as underwear to become a key component of a man's outerwear wardrobe.

Ruffle-fronted shirt, &#; , Britain. Museum no. T.16- © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

The s saw the introduction of the woollen vest or 'under-vest', which was "generally made of fine calico" (The Workwoman's Guide, ). Even though this 'undershirt' was worn next to the skin and under the shirt, it retained the name given to flannel under-waistcoats that had previously been worn for extra warmth. Knitted or flannel undershirts were worn by labouring men because, as well as keeping them warm in winter, they absorbed sweat and were easily washable. Such undershirts were also worn by sailors, and their transformation to the T-shirt has been attributed to naval adoption and adaption. In the years after the Second World War, most men still wore their T-shirts underneath their shirts. Enhanced by popular cinema-screen portrayals by Marlon Brando in A Streetcar Named Desire () and The Wild One (), and James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause (), the T-shirt became part of the uniform of a rebellious teenager, and was transformed into outerwear. Fashion historian Valerie Steele described the T-shirt as, "the most significant and pervasive example of underwear as outerwear", which "flaunted rules about hidden clothing" and challenged "taboos ... against male sexual display".

'So comfortable, So smooth to the skin': Health, hygiene and comfort

The 19th century saw great developments in the approach to personal cleanliness, reflected in theories about 'hygienic dress'. German doctor and zoologist Hans Gustav Jaeger argued that it was crucial to wear wool next to the skin in order to encourage perspiration. As Jaeger objected to dyes, his woollen garments were all undyed and available in creamy white, a variety of light browns and dark brown. Most of the customers for Jaeger's designs were enlightened, upper-class puritans, or else progressive intellectuals such as playwright George Bernard Shaw, who embraced Jaeger's principles and ordered his first Jaeger suit on 19 June .

Woollen shirt, worn by George Bernard Shaw, manufactured by Dr Jaeger's Co. Ltd., about &#; , Britain. Museum no. S.-. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

By the early 20th century, opinions about the health properties of fabrics were changing to reflect general ideas about health and fitness. Alongside this demand for comfort, leading companies saw the benefit of patenting their innovations and promoting their brands through advertising. In the British clothes manufacturer Sunspel developed and patented a lightweight, breathable, woven, open (mesh-like) fabric, known as Quality 14 (Q14), and other companies also produced garments in similar fabrics. In addition to knitted cellular cottons, new manmade fibres such as rayon (developed in ) offered a lighter-weight and more comfortable alternative to the traditional heavier fabrics and were promoted in quasi-scientific terms. These particularly appealed to younger men, who were casting off outdated forms of outerwear. The increasing desire for comfort in men's underwear led to changes in the full-body, often cumbersome, one-piece woollen union suit. In the American underwear company B.V.D. introduced a sleeveless union suit with quarter-length legs, and by the s this athletic union suit (so called because it resembled athletes' shorts and vests) was available in a variety of lighter-weight fabrics such as cotton, silk and poplin.

In achieving its protective function, the materiality of men's underwear was, and is, key. As a garment that sits directly upon the body, its physical contact with the skin was undeniable in its relevance. As, what sociologist Elizabeth Shove has called a 'boundary object', underwear creates a protective layer, both between the delicate corporeal surface and outer garments and from a cultural discomfort associated with nudity or nakedness. The choice of fabric, determined by scales of economy or fashionability, was key to the sense of comfort, an element emphasised in many underwear advertisements.

Mirroring the interest in athletic underwear of the s and s, the last decade of the 20th century saw a revival of interest in underwear designed to embrace healthy lifestyles, personal fitness and exercise. The inclusion of Lycra and new polyamide microfibres with moisture-wicking qualities, as well as seamless knitting technologies, reduced the build-up of sweat and minimised chafing. The continuing rise of sportswear impacted the design and presentation of underwear, and the language used to promote it emphasised the importance of the body as the site for which the garments are designed. This led to a preference for the use of the term 'bodywear'.

Shaping the male body

Prior to the late 19th century, padding and corsetry were employed by men to create an ideal fashionable body shape beneath outer layers. Stays or corsets were occasionally worn by army officers, fops and dandies to promote a smart appearance, as well as attain the correct and fashionable posture. A pinched-in waist and high collar was a staple of the fashionable dandy image in the early 19th century, caricatured in the etching The Acme of Fashion, showing 'y'r honor' lying on a table having his collar and cravat ironed to make it "as stiff and smooth as a Billiard table". This rigidity is reflected in the visible laced corset the nobleman wears over his shirt. The Workwoman's Guide of noted that corsets were worn by men during athletic activities such as horseback riding and hunting and 'violent exercise' echoing the servants' concern in The Acme of Fashion that 'y'r honor don't suffer much fatigue'.

The Acme of Fashion, or the secrets of the toilet discover'd, satirical print, , Ireland. Museum no. E.467- © Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

The early 21st century has seen a return to underwear that enhances or 'constructs' the idealised male physique. In Andrew Christian released underpants with 'Anti-Muffin Top elastic' designed to help reduce the appearance of love handles. Such 'compression' technology was also used in undershirts and vests to 'transform the torso and chest', making the wearer "look sharper, stand taller and feel stronger", as claimed on the packaging for Spanx's shapewear T-shirt. Many compression garments (for both upper and lower body) were designed to support muscles and reduce injury during exercise, move moisture away from the body and provide anti-bacterial qualities, as well as body shaping.

(Left) Mens Zoned Performance V Neck "Manx", shapewear, designed by Sara Blakely for, Spanx, , US. Museum no. T.214:1-. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. (Right) Packaging for Spanx Zoned Performance V-Neck T-shirt. , US. Museum no. T.214:2-. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

New developments in the design of underpants enhanced the male body particularly the crotch. In Australian brand aussieBum introduced the 'Wonderjock', developed in response to customers who "expressed an interest in looking bigger, just like women using the Wonderbra". The Wonderjock used seams around the pouch and an additional pocket within the pouch front to 'push up' the genitals. Garments from Gregg Homme and C-IN2 included padding built into the pouch front, or integrated 'rings' that encircled the genitals pushing them upwards and forwards. This emphasis on the crotch and male virility in underwear was not new in the early s. Comparisons can clearly be made to codpieces of the 15th and early 16th centuries that drew attention to the genital area and were often highly decorated. Codpieces were noteworthy not as sexual invitations to women but rather as symbols for social, temporal and territorial power. Writing in the s about the new crotch-hugging trousers of that decade, and the skimpier underwear required for a good fit, journalist Rodney Bennett-England observed that "once again, we have a codpiece, albeit a concealed one, to give a fellow self-assurance" and produce "an overt bulge of masculinity". The recent trend for enhancement underwear demonstrates the concern that men have about their crotches, and references the supposed power that is associated with a large penis as a signifier of a more masculine man.

From private to public &#; designing and promoting men's underpants

Until the s men's underwear was generally concealing of the body beneath. 19th-century underpants were of two lengths: short to be worn under breeches, and long for wearing under pantaloons and trousers. Variously made of knitted or woven linen, cotton, wool or silk, these followed shapes that had been developed in previous centuries to accommodate the fashionable styles of men's outer clothing. Of course, not all men wore such garments; those from lower classes often used their shirt tails pulled between their legs for protection and cleanliness. Changes in production and the increase in commercial manufacture resulted in innovations for front fastenings, back openings, ribbing for ankles and loops on the waistband for braces to pass through. Around the end of the 19th century, commercial manufacturers began to advertise their new, often patented, undergarments, highlighting their fit, comfort and construction. Sometimes these advertisements used the idealised male bodies of classical sculpture rather than real men's bodies, to avoid concerns about representation of the semi-clothed male body.

(Front and back views): Underpants, mid 19th century, England. Museum no. T.56-. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

The American hosiery and underwear company Cooper's launched the Jockey Y-front in , which marked a significant moment of change in men's underwear. The Y-front was based on the style of French briefs, or 'slips', and swimwear that Cooper's vice president Arthur Kneibler had seen on a postcard. Unlike many previous styles, Y-fronts provided 'masculine support' through the lastex (a form of elastic) leg openings and waistband (with the name woven into it), and knitted cotton fabric. Such support had previously only been available in an athletic supporter or 'jock strap', hence the name Jockey. Patented in by C.F. Bennett's Bike Web Company to provide support to bicycle riders on the cobbled streets of Boston, the jock strap comprised a cup of fabric with a waistband and straps which ran across the buttocks. As well as providing comfort and support, Cooper's jockey short had a patented overlapping inverted Y-shaped seamed fly opening. This was revolutionary in that it drew attention to the male genitals through its innovatively shaped seams around the fly.

Left to right: Bub, jockstrap, manufactured by Duribilknit, about , US. Museum no. T.139-. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London; Y-front underpants, Jockey, &#; 7, England. Museum no. T.44- © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

To promote their garments, Cooper's (who changed their name to Jockey Menswear Inc. in ) licensed their designs in the United Kingdom and Australia, and produced advertisements that combined illustrations and photographs with witty straplines. Although many other brands produced versions of briefs and patented various cuts and fly openings, Jockey remained a leading international producer until fashion designer Calvin Klein launched his own version of briefs in . The design of Klein's underpants was almost identical to Jockey's classic brief, but differed through the closer fit, lower rise and name woven into the waistband. Klein intended that it should be sexier and less practical than existing American men's styles, believing that 'underwear was pure sex'.

In Calvin Klein produced a set of controversial underwear advertisements with photographer Herb Ritts, advertising boxer briefs worn by rapper, later actor 'Marky' Mark Wahlberg. Marky Mark was offered the contract to appear in Calvin Klein adverts following his inadvertent promotion of Calvin Klein underwear in stage shows and magazine photo shoots, where the waistband of his branded underpants showed above his low-slung jeans and below his perfectly formed six-pack. The Ritts adverts included images with model Kate Moss, and controversially, with Marky Mark grabbing his crotch through his white cotton boxer briefs. This hybrid between boxer shorts and briefs combined the leg length of boxer shorts with the fit and support of the brief to create a hybrid trunk. The style of low-slung jeans worn by Marky Mark was popular amongst American rap stars and as an inner city African American style. Believed to have originated amongst prisoners, where jeans hung below the waist because of the ban on belts, the style quickly became an international trend amongst young urban men. Visibly branded waistbands had a marked impact upon designs for men's underpants and became a form of advertisement. Following Klein's success, other underwear brands and designers followed his lead and added their name or logo to the outside of their garments.

Brixton Boyz, photograph, by Jennie Baptiste, England, . Museum no. E.971-. © Jennie Baptiste

'An overt bulge': Underwear and archetypal masculinities

Fashion writer Iain R. Webb noted that the s "were the time when men's underwear stopped being merely functional and became fashionable and sexy". This is attributable not only to the innovations in fabric and cut of men's underwear, but also to a cultural change in how men's bodies were portrayed and consumed through advertising and other popular culture representations. Contemporary underwear advertising has a direct relation to sexual attraction and the attractiveness of the male body. Garments are frequently portrayed as being designed to highlight the wearer's genitals, rather than being a focus on innovation or fit and comfort. This led art critic Melody Davis to argue that the penis "is even more present if it is concealed or disguised" and "transforms to the phallus". This, she continues, in turn becomes the man, who in turn "represent[s] both the 'power of the product' and that of the purchaser of that product". Despite historic associations of men's underwear as plain and functional, the innovation, design and stylistic changes that have occurred, as well as the profusion of advertising images that present particular forms of masculinity through semi-clothed models, demonstrates the relevance and enduring influence of underpinnings.

Adapted from the essay 'Underpinnings: The Next Best Thing to Naked', by Shaun Cole, Associate Professor in Fashion at Winchester School of Art. The full essay appears in the V&A book, Fashioning Masculinities: The Art of Menswear, accompanying the exhibition.

The history of underwear is an oft-overlooked but important part of civilization throughout the ages, both shaping and reflecting societal norms and necessities for millennia.

Ancient Roman underwear, via cynthiaripleymiller.wordpress.com; with Underwear for women and men, via Sanneberg / Shutterstock

 

From the mysterious depths of prehistory to the present day, men and women have sought to cover their bodies with clothing. With functional designs a priority, some clothing was designed to be worn underneath other clothes. And so the history of underwear began.

 

From loincloths to lingerie, from long johns to thongs, the millennia are filled with a huge variety of undergarments fulfilling different functions, meeting the expectations of cultural mores and aesthetics to the biological necessity of their intended use.

 

Hidden in public and flaunted in the bedroom, this is the history of underwear in all its glory.

 

Ancient Underwear

An ancient Egyptian (New Kingdom) mural showing a musician with one woman wearing a cache-sexe, via Meister Drucke

 

The earliest dedicated form of underwear was most certainly the loincloth. A simple strip of material that could be wrapped around the waist, between the legs, and tucked in, it was a practical and simple design that still finds use in certain parts of the world today. Loincloths didn&#;t, however, all have the same design. Some were designed to take the form of skirts rather than underpants and were fastened around the waist with a girdle. Another, more revealing form of loincloth came in what is known as a cache-sexe. It was generally just a small triangle with strings or loops designed to cover just the genitals. The modern equivalent of this would be the g-string.

 

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Of course, all these iterations of loincloths need not be classified as underwear. In hotter climates, they would have served as outer garments too.

 

The oldest evidence of linen and leather panties comes from the Badarian culture of pre-dynastic Egypt from around BCE. Linen and leather seem to have been the most common materials, with linen being used for everyday use, while leather panties were used by women when they were menstruating. This trend continued for thousands of years and was also common in ancient Rome.

 

A Roman mosaic from the Villa Borghese depicting gladiators with some of them wearing underwear, via sarahemilybond.com

 

In the Roman Empire, wool was also a common material, and silk made its appearance too, but it was expensive and thus only available to the wealthy. Nudity, for the Romans, was tied to class. Enslaved people and gladiators wore loincloths and other forms of underwear as outerwear, while the higher classes tended to cover their entire bodies with dresses, togas, and other garments while dispensing with the day-to-day wearing of underwear. The Roman approach to nudity was more socially conservative than that of their Greek forerunners, who liked to exercise nude. While Greek men are said to have worn loincloths, it is unclear whether women wore underwear at all.

 

Roman women made use of strophiae (breastcloths) and sublicula (small loincloth-type undergarments also worn by men), especially when exercising at the gym.

 

Roman society, however, lasted for over one thousand years and was not homogeneous. Fashion trends and cultural norms changed dramatically throughout the course of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.

 

Of course, the Mediterranean world wasn&#;t the only place where underwear was making an appearance. Cultures from all over the globe started inventing their own underwear that aligned with their own cultural mores and societal needs. In China, different undergarments were worn throughout the ages. During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE &#; 220 CE), a tunic-style undergarment called a xieyi was worn. During the time of the Northern Dynasty (420 CE &#; 588 CE), a one-piece breastcloth called a moxiong was popular.

 

Underwear in the Middle Ages

A pair of chausses being worn over a pair of braies, via Historic Enterprises

 

In the Middle Ages, men, especially of the lower classes, tended to wear a loose-fitting pair of pants called braies. These pants were stepped into and then tied around the waist and legs just under the knee. Although they were initially used as outer garments, by the late Middle Ages, they were used exclusively as underwear. Braies were designed with a flap at the front which could be untied, allowing men to urinate without needing to take the entire garment off.

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These flaps, called codpieces, would undergo extensive change through the centuries, and by the Renaissance, some codpieces were statement symbols of wealth, power, and size. They were padded and shaped to display rather than conceal the wearer&#;s manhood. In so doing, they evolved from underwear to outerwear, reaching their height of popularity in and then declining around .

 

A French-style drum Farthingale, via Period Corsets

 

Among the wealthier classes, chausses were worn over the legs, covering the lower half of the braies, which tended to be tighter and more form-fitting. Chausses were individual leggings that did not cover the groin area or the buttocks. They would eventually evolve into tights, and by the Renaissance, chausses weren&#;t expected to be worn under any clothing; therefore, they were no longer technically underwear.

 

Both men and women wore a close-fitting shirt called a chemise. Men tucked their chemise into their braies, while women would tuck their chemise into a petticoat, an underskirt worn underneath the dress. Hoop skirts, such as farthingales, were petticoats that evolved during the Renaissance and were stiffened with reed or willow rods, giving the garments their characteristic shapes.

 

A modern dudou being worn as an outer garment, via Clon&#;s

 

In China during the Ming Dynasty (-) and all the way through to the Qing Dynasty, which ended in , women wore a close-fitting type of bra called a dudou. It was designed to flatten the breasts, as flatter chests were fashionable in these eras. The dudou extended from the top of the chest and also covered the belly. In the modern era, the dudou gave way to Western clothing when China modernized, but it has found a resurgence in the younger generation of today who wear it as an outer garment, especially as beachwear.

 

A recently discovered 15th-century bra, via AP/ Universität Innsbruck

 

The bra is one of the most iconic and important pieces of underwear today, and until recently, the modern look and design are thought to be the result of 20th-century fashion trends. The recent discovery of a bra from the 15th century, however, had upended the original belief. The item of clothing, found in the vault of an Austrian castle, has the classic bra cup design with support straps that go over the shoulders.

 

Underwear in the Industrial Era in Europe & the United States

A French corset from , via the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

 

The onset of the age of mass production and the introduction of cotton as a readily available source of material made the acquisition of underwear much easier. Before the 18th century, people usually made their own underwear at home, but now they could buy them in shops. From the simple bloomers to elaborate lace-decorated items that came into vogue, there was much to choose from. 

 

How to cover the upper bodies of women became big business. For formal occasions, corsets were worn. The iconic V-shape of the garment, reinforced with wood or &#;whale-bone&#; (actually baleen), accentuated the breasts by pushing them up, straightening the back, and forcing the shoulders back. Many corsets also incorporated entire frames made of metal! For informal occasions (or for breathing), a quilted version called a jump was used, which was only partially &#;boned&#; and not as restrictive.

 

A crinoline frame from the United States, circa . An additional petticoat would have been worn over the frame to protect the outer skirt, via the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

 

Corsets remained popular until the early 19th century but became targets for the representation of repression of women. In , after the entry of the United States into the First World War, the government asked women to stop buying corsets. This move freed up 28,000 tons of metal, which was enough to build two battleships!

 

On the lower half of the body, it was fashionable for women to wear petticoats. One particular style that gained traction in Europe during the early 18th century was the pannier, which extended the skirt to the sides while leaving the front and back flat. In the 19th century, the crinoline became popular. This hoop skirt widened slightly at the sides and the rear, leaving the front relatively flat (in later versions). The wide cage that was the crinoline was dangerous because it was large and flammable. Thousands of women died as a result of knocking over candles and being unable to escape the flames while trapped in their huge, constrictive garments. The crinoline thus went out of fashion in the late 19th century and was replaced by the smaller bustle. Discomfort was still the order of the day, however, and many doctors began to decry women&#;s fashion as hazardous to women&#;s health.

 

The crinoline continues to exist as a popular design for wedding dresses.

 

An advertisement from for Lewis union suits for women and men, via Period Papers via SANVT Journal

 

Of course, this period in the history of underwear also included garments designed for men. Also used by women and children, the union suit was a one-piece garment that buttoned up at the front. A buttoned flap at the back facilitated going to the toilet. The union suit eventually evolved into long johns, which was a tight-fitting, two-piece undergarment consisting of a long-sleeve top and leggings. It was likely named after the famous bare-knuckle boxing champion John L. Sullivan, who wore this type of clothing in the ring.

 

Underwear in the 20th Century & Beyond

The liberty bodice offered a much more comfortable alternative to the constricting corset, via The Underpinnings Museum

 

In the early 20th century, union suits continued to be popular and were produced in staggering numbers. For women, the liberty bodice came into fashion. The introduction of new materials offered support without the need for rigid whalebone, wood, and metal. The liberty bodice was, naturally, far less restrictive. Although invented in the late 19th century, it found popularity among women and girls in the early 20th century.

 

The beginning of the 20th century also saw the first appearance of underwear resembling modern boxer shorts. The company, however, went out of business, and it would be another 20 years before actual boxer shorts would emerge.

 

Garter belts and stockings have become a mainstay of the lingerie industry and, in the modern era, are designed to be sexy, via Calzedonia Italy

 

In , advertising for underwear kicked off in the United States. These adverts focused on comfort rather than fashion. This period also saw the invention of the modern undershirt and drawers. The design for women was similar and became known as the camisole and tap pants.

 

Although women had been wearing brassiere-like undergarments for many years, the invention of the first modern bra is attributed to Mary Phelps Jacob, who, in , created the design by tying two handkerchiefs together. The style was patented and marketed, becoming extremely popular. In , the company Maidenform introduced modern cup sizes.

 

As the years went by, dresses and skirts became shorter, and women started wearing stockings as undergarments. This necessitated the invention of the garter belt to hold the stockings up.

 

A pair of men&#;s boxer briefs featuring a popular print theme, via Man Buns

 

The first Y-front briefs were sold in by Coopers Inc. and were an immediate success. They were named &#;jockeys&#; as they offered more comfort and the same support as jockstraps had before. In , jockeys were introduced to Britain, where they sold at an astounding rate, eventually overtaking all other forms of men&#;s lower underwear.

 

The s saw a major revolution in underwear design in that, for the first time, underwear started sporting fashionable prints. This revolution pushed the mores of societal dynamics, and underwear was promoted as something that could be sneakily revealed in public instead of being something purely functional and designed to be hidden. This went hand-in-hand with the miniskirt and other revealing outerwear.

 

The s and s also saw new trends in bra design. Pointed bras were trendy in the West, and the introduction of push-up bras accentuated women&#;s breasts. Pantyhose, combining panties and hose, became extremely popular and then declined.

 

Different types of women&#;s underwear that are popular today, via treasurie.com

 

The trend in the s and s was for sexier underwear that emphasized fashion rather than comfort and durability. Tank tops, originally worn as undergarments, were now being worn as outer garments, while g-strings, thongs, and other similar items became popular among a wider demographic, originally being worn only by exotic dancers.

 

As the world&#;s views on sexuality relaxed, the impact of advertising was huge. Underwear started being advertised with photographs of near-naked models, including both men and women. Big companies in this regard include Calvin Klein and Victoria&#;s Secret as the most famous examples, with the latter becoming very famous for its lingerie catalogs.

 

In the s, a new trend emerged with the creation of underpants that combined the tightness of briefs with the length of boxers. &#;Boxer briefs&#; remain extremely popular to this day. Originally intended to be worn by men, there are also boxer brief designs for women.

 

The history of underwear is almost as long as human civilization itself. While biological needs have remained the same, fashion trends have forced the evolution of underwear into an incredibly diverse range of options that reflect cultures from all over the globe.

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