Nanosilver: Health Effects

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Silver nanoparticles are the most common commercialized nano technological product on the market. Due to its unique antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles have been hailed as a breakthrough germ killing agent and have been incorporated into a number of consumer products such as clothing, kitchenware, toys and cosmetics. Many consider silver to be more toxic than other metals when in nanoscale form and that these particles have a different toxicity mechanism compared to dissolved silver. Scientists have concluded that nanoparticles can pass easily into cells and affect cellular function, depending on their shape and size. However, little has been done to evaluate these interactions and their health impacts on humans. Preliminary research with laboratory rats has found that silver nanoparticles can traverse into the brain, and can induce neuronal degeneration and necrosis (death of cells or tissue) by accumulating in the brain over a long period of time. Other potential harmful effects include the generation of dangerous radicals that injure cells by attacking DNA, proteins and membranes. Due to their size, these particles can readily penetrate the body and cells through various routes.

Routes of Exposure

Inhalation:

Nanoparticles can become airborne easily due to their size and mass. When inhaled, nanoparticles can go deeper into the lungs reaching more sensitive areas. There they inflame the lungs, which must work harder in attempts to remove the foreign particles. It is still unknown whether these particles can be removed by the lungs or whether they remain as deposits within lung tissue. Research is still ongoing to investigate whether nanosize particles cause pulmonary inflammation as well as systemic effects, and whether they translocate from the lungs to other organs such as the liver, kidney or brain.

Skin Absorption:

This route of exposure occurs mainly through cosmetics, sunscreens, textiles and clothing imbedded with silver nanoparticles. Nano particles are known to be absorbed by the skin. Broken skin, or skin with cuts and wounds, may give rise to easier and direct absorption of nanoparticles into the blood stream and translocation in the body. The fate and effects of these particles on, and within the skin and human body are not clearly understood. Other problems still to be investigated include the interference with resident microflora on the skin.

Ingestion:

This type of exposure can come about through hand to mouth transfer of particles from products imbedded with nano silver or from food and food packaging. Ingestion of particles can also arise due to respiratory clearing actions of inhaled particles. Little to no information is available for the fate and effects of silver nanoparticles within the digestive track. However, observations in laboratory animals have documented that uptake of particles from the digestive track into the lymphatic and circulatory systems can occur. Uptake also seems to primarily occur in the intestines and is dependent on size. While the health impacts are still unknown, the fact that the digestive process utilizes beneficial bacteria to assist in the digestive process, the presence of silver nanoparticles may undoubtedly have an adverse impact of these native bacterial populations.

Nanosilver in Food

Nanotechnologies have been employed in food production, processing and packaging. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has followed the progress of the use of nanotechnologies in the food industry. According to their report entitled &#;Assuring the Safety of Nanomaterials in Food Packaging: The regulatory process and key issues,&#; nanoparticles raise safety questions different from those raised by conventional scale version of the same material.

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Many food packaging materials have been incorporating nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles, to prolong the shelf life and safety of packaged food from microbial agents. Researchers are developing &#;smart packaging&#; that would be able to tell if the packaged food becomes contaminated, as well as respond to changes in environmental conditions and self-repair holes and tears. Other nanoparticles have been known to be included in food to enhance flavor, improve emulsification and nutrient availability. Nanosized herbicides, fertilizers and other agrichemicals are also being developed to improve the efficiency of growing crops.

While these advances in technology are promising and exciting, the fate and impacts of these particles have not been equally studied. There are major concerns that silver nanoparticles can migrate from packaging and into foods, exposing consumers to risks that are not yet known. Many of these products are not labeled to alert the consumer to the use of nanoparticles in the product and thus taking away the consumer&#;s right to choose whether to avoid these products or not. A lack of governmental oversight and regulation on this new technology further compounds the problem of a lack of data and safety testing.

Nanosilver: Environmental Effects

Some of the most worrying impacts from the widespread use of silver nanotechnology are its impacts on the environment, especially to ecologically important organisms. Once in the environment, it is possible for nanoparticles to move from one environmental compartment to another, i.e. from water to sediment, soil to groundwater, from water to microorganisms, fish, insects or mammals. Nanoparticles may also interact with other compounds in the environment, partaking in environmental chemical and biological reactions. The implications of these interactions are still unclear.

How Do Silver Nanoparticles End Up in the Environment?

Down the Drain

According to Samuel Luoma, PhD, at the John Muir Institute of the Environment at the University of California, Davis in his report for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars called &#;Silver Nanotechnologies and the Environment: Old Problems or new Challenges?&#; states that nearly one-third of nanosilver products on the market in September had the potential to disperse silver or silver nanoparticles into the environment. Cosmetics, personal grooming products and household cleaning products among others, when washed down the drain disperse nanoparticles into wastewaters. Textiles and clothing imbedded with nanoparticles, when laundered, release these particles into the wash cycle and they eventually make their way into waste and surface waters. A recent study found that socks impregnated with silver nanoparticles to keep them microbe and odor free, release these particles when washed. Some lost the bulk of their nanosilver after two to four washings.

Nanosilver particles have been found in sewage sludge at water treatment plants, indicating that these particles have indeed entered the water system. The environmental risks are not clear however. Many particles may aggregate or associate with other ions or materials in the environment and deposit into sediments and soils. Some however, can remain in surface waters, where they can be absorbed and /or ingested by aquatic organisms. Microbial populations especially those in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are vulnerable to silver nanoparticles contamination. Silver nanoparticles inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms, essential to the waste water treatments process. Similarly, these particles also threaten aquatic and terrestrials populations of microbes at the corner stone of many ecosystems. Nanoparticles may also enter the bodies of shellfish, fish and even aquatic plants. Their ability to be easily taken into the bodies of organisms indirectly exposes humans and other higher mammals to nanoparticles absorbed by these species, especially through the ingestion of filter feeding organisms such as mollusks.

A major challenge for this new technology is the development of protocol to detect and investigate the behavior of nanoparticles in the environment and how they impact biological systems. It is unclear how many silver nanoparticles have been released into the environment, and it is imperative that the environmental risks of these particles be properly assessed in order to protect human and environmental health.

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