How does a fiber laser work?

So, what does refraction have to do with our fiber optic cable? We don't want the light to go through the cladding and out at a different angle. We want to keep it inside the core.

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Here is where we get into a bit of physics. According to the law of refraction (Snell's Law), there is something called the "critical angle". The critical angle is the largest angle of incidence for which refraction can still occur in a particular medium. So, the light will only refract as long as the angle of incidence (the angle at which the light hits the cladding) is smaller than the critical angle.

If the angle of incidence surpasses the critical angle, the light ray will bend so much that a phenomenon called "total internal reflection" occurs. Total internal reflection means the light bounces back into the first medium (the core), which is exactly what we need. Image 4 in the diagram below shows total internal reflection:

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