classic, continental European plugs and sockets, overview

Ebonite

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Hard, black vulcanized natural rubber. A relative high sulfer content and prolonged times of vulcanizing results in a solid product. Around it became the first choice material for - at that time - small series of plugs. They were hand made out of rods or plates of ebonite. In the s ebonite was superseded by Bakelite that allowed production of large quantities of complex shapes.

Bakelite

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Bakelite was developed by Leo Baekeland in and patented in . It is a phenol formaldehyde resin that can molded to produce large quantities of identical units. Although customized molds and molding presses were expensive, Bakelite became the preferred material for plugs as sales of electrical appliances increased dramatically from the early s. Bakelite is an excellent insulator and is resistant to heat, but it may swell under prolonged humid conditions. Phenolic resins have to be reinforced with a filling agent. Sawdust was most commonly used in plugs.

From the s Bakelite was gradually replaced by other thermosetting polymers.

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